초록

Abstract

A large part of the vast amounts of information produced in the world is born digital, and comes in a wide variety of formats: text, database, audio, film, image. During the meeting of the Organization's Executive Board in May 2001, Member States agreed on the need for rapid action to safeguard digital heritage. The interest of UNESCO in this situation comes as no surprise. UNESCO exists in part to encourage and enable the preservation and enjoyment of the cultural, scientific and information heritage of the world's peoples. The growth of digital heritage and its vulnerability could hardly go unnoticed. Our societies have witnessed the end of the paradigm of the written archive, a paradigm that had developed over hundreds of years. Throughout the twentieth century new media have wisely and modestly joined this prestigious tradition. This paradigm has already been transformed, and the devices in place are unable to deal with the brutal advance of information technologies, and the quantitative inflation which they cause. This goes beyond those institutions specializing in the management of memory: a whole new regime of information will have to be constructed, and quickly, completely transforming old memory and archiving systems. If this shift does not take place, our societies will suffer irremediable damage in their collective social memory.

초록

Abstract

This study investigates the current preservation and management of four records and documentary heritage in Korea that is in the UNESCO's Memory of the World Register. The study analyzes their problems and corresponding solutions in digitizing those world records heritages. This study also reviews additional four documentary books in Korea that are in the wish list to add to UNESCO's Memory of the World Register. This study is organized as the following: Chapter 2 examines the value and meanings of world records and documentary heritage in Korea. The registry requirements and procedures of UNESCO's Memory of the World Register are examined. The currently registered records of Korea include Hunmin-Chongum, the Annals of the Choson Dynasty, the Diaries of the Royal Secretariat (Seungjeongwon Ilgi), and Buljo- Jikji-Simche-Yojeol (vol. Ⅱ). These records heritage's worth and significance are carefully analyzed. For example, Hunmin-Chongum(「訓民正音」) is consisted of unique and systematic letters. Letters were delicately explained with examples in its original manual at the time of letter's creation, which is an unparalleled case in the world documentary history. The Annals of the Choson Dynasty(「朝鮮王朝實錄」) are the most comprehensive historic documents that contain the longest period of time in history. Their truthfulness and reliability in describing history give credits to the annals. The Royal Secretariat Diary (called Seungjeongwon-Ilgi(「承政院日記」)) is the most voluminous primary resources in history, superior to the Annals of Choson Dynasty and Twenty Five Histories in China. Jikji(「直指」) is the oldest existing book published by movable metal print sets in the world. It evidences the beginning of metal printing in the world printing history and is worthy of being as world heritage. The review of the four registered records confirms that they are valuable world documentary heritage that transfers culture of mankind to next generations and should be preserved carefully and safely without deterioration or loss. Chapter 3 investigates the current status of preservation and management of three repositories that store the four registered records in Korea. The repositories include Kyujanggak Archives in Seoul National University, Pusan Records and Information Center of National Records and Archives Service, and Gansong Art Museum. The quality of their preservation and management are excellent in all of three institutions by the following aspects: 1) detailed security measures are close to perfection 2) archiving practices are very careful by using a special stack room in steady temperature and humidity and depositing it in stack or archival box made of paulownia tree and 3) fire prevention, lighting, and fumigation are thoroughly prepared. Chapter 4 summarizes the status quo of digitization projects of records heritage in Korea. The most important issue related to digitization and database construction on Korean records heritage is likely to set up the standardization of digitization processes and facilities. It is urgently necessary to develop comprehensive standard systems for digitization. Two institutions are closely interested in these tasks: 1) the National Records and Archives Service experienced in developing government records management systems; and 2) the Cultural Heritage Administration interested in digitization of Korean old documents. In collaboration of these two institutions, a new standard system will be designed for digitizing records heritage on Korean Studies. Chapter 5 deals with additional Korean records heritage in the wish list for UNESCO's Memory of the World Register, including: 1) Wooden Printing Blocks(經板) of Koryo-Taejangkyong(高麗大藏經) in Haein Temple(海印寺); 2) Dongui-Bogam(「東醫寶鑑」) 3) Samguk-Yusa(「三國遺事」) and 4) Mugujeonggwangdaedaranigyeong(「無垢淨光大다羅尼經」). Their world value and importance are examined as followings. Wooden Printing Blocks of Koryo-Taejangkyong in Haein Temple is the worldly oldest wooden printing block of cannon of Buddhism that still exist and was created over 750 years ago. It needs a special conservation treatment to disinfect germs residing in surface and inside of wooden plates. Otherwise, it may be damaged seriously. For its effective conservation and preservation, we hope that UNESCO and Government will schedule special care and budget and join the list of Memory of the Word Register. Dongui-Bogam is the most comprehensive and well-written medical book in the Korean history, summarizing all medical books in Korea and China from the Ancient Times through the early 17th century and concentrating on Korean herb medicine and prescriptions. It is proved as the best clinical guidebook in the 17th century for doctors and practitioners to easily use. The book was also published in China and Japan in the 18th century and greatly influenced the development of practical clinic and medical research in Asia at that time. This is why Dongui Bogam is in the wish list to register to the Memory of the World. Samguk-Yusa is evaluated as one of the most comprehensive history books and treasure sources in Korea, which illustrates foundations of Korean people and covers histories and cultures of ancient Korean peninsula and nearby countries. The book contains the oldest fixed form verse, called Hyang-Ka(鄕歌), and became the origin of Korean literature. In particular, the section of Gi-ee(紀異篇) describes the historical processes of dynasty transition from the first dynasty Gochosun(古朝鮮) to Goguryeo(高句麗) and illustrates the identity of Korean people from its historical origin. This book is worthy of adding to the Memory of the World Register. Mugujeonggwangdaedaranigyeong is the oldest book printed by wooden type plates, and it is estimated to print in between 706 and 751. It contains several reasons and evidence to be worthy of adding to the list of the Memory of the World. It is the greatest documentary heritage that represents the first wooden printing book that still exists in the world as well as illustrates the history of wooden printing in Korea.

초록

Abstract

China is a country with a long history. Chinese culture dates back thousands of years ago. Thousand years of history left the huge quantity of archival heritage, which consists of the memory of China. From tied knots, tortoise shell, bronze, bamboo to paper, film, CD, the mankind's history is kept and continued through the evolution of the documenting media and documenting methods. In the information era, when we are immersed in the sea of information technologies, archivists, as guards of human's memory, have to look for a balance point between new and old, between unchanged and changed. On one hand, archivists should try their best to protect traditional archives in a usable, authentic way in a long term; on the other hand, they must face the challenges posed by electronic record. The information age is a stage of the social development of mankind, the digitalization of archives is an important progress of human history. The report mainly is composed of three parts of the content: first, introduce the preserving situation of Chinese archival heritage；focus are put on "China archival heritage program" and the construction of "Special archives repository"; second, the process of digitalization of traditional archives; third, the framework of electronic record standard.

초록

체코공화국 국립도서관은 1992년 유네스코의 제안을 받아들여, 소장품에서 가장 귀중한 자료들을 보여주기 위하여, 파일롯 CD-ROM 발행을 준비하기 시작했다. 1993년 4월에 발행된 이 CD는 세계 기록 문화유산 프로그램에 대한 대중적 관심을 불러일으키려는 목적을 갖는 일련의 유사한 유네스코 프로젝트들 가운데 하나였다. 1993년부터 1995년 사이에, 두 가지의 중세 문서를 전부 보여주는 두 개의 간행물들이 출간되었다. 이들은 모든 이미지 문서화와 원본문서의 다양한 특성에 대한 과학적 기술을 제공하였다. 체코 국립도서관의 디지털화센터는 Czech AIP Beroun Company와 협력하여 고문서와 고인쇄본을 전문적으로 처리하고 있다. 현재, 체코 국립도서관은 십여 개의 체코 및 여러 외국 기관들과 협력하고 있다. 두 개의 간행물은 디지털 도서관을 통해 이용할 수 있다.

Abstract

The beginning of digitization activities in the National Library of the Czech Republic are interconnected with the first periods of existence of the UNESCO Memory of the World programme. It was in 1992 when the library accepted the UNESCO proposal to prepare a pilot CD-ROM publication for the programme showing the most precious items from its collections. In 1993 - 1995, the publication was followed by two another titles, which presented two medieval manuscripts in their entirety, providing both all the image documentation and scientific description of various features of the original documents. The digitization centre specialized in processing of old manuscripts and old printed books in co-operation with the Czech AIP Beroun Company. Nowadays, these two national programmes in which dozens of Czech and also several foreign institutions take part - are represented on their access side by two digital libraries: Manuscriptorium and Kramerius.